pooled analysis · 2021 · landmark
“Women who had GDM were 8.3 (95% CI 6.5–10.6) times more likely to develop T2DM than women with normoglycaemic pregnancies, as shown in Figure 4 (unadjusted relative risk calculated from raw data).”
The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract
Who: Women with a history of GDM followed at least 6 months postpartum in 129 studies; 45 studies compared them with parous women without GDM
PMID 33333204
pooled analysis · 2020 · landmark
“Women with GDM had a higher incidence of T2DM than those without GDM but with the same number of prepregnancy risk factors.”
Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 170,139 Women. J Diabetes Res
Who: Women with a history of GDM in cohort studies (>= 300 GDM cases, >= 12 months follow-up, no prevention intervention)
PMID 32405502
other primary study · 2022 · landmark
“In this large cohort of women, a history of GDM predicted greatly increased rates of type 2 diabetes.”
Persistence of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care
Who: US women aged 35-74 in the Sister Study cohort without diabetes at enrollment (each had a sister with breast cancer); 1,414 reported prior GDM
PMID 35104325
other primary study · 2017
“A woman having GDM in the index pregnancy was 10.6 (95% CI 4.66–24.26) times more likely to develop diabetes within 10 years after controlling for other variables as compared to women with no GDM.”
Gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of type 2 diabetes 10 years after the index pregnancy in Sri Lankan women-A community based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One
Who: Sri Lankan women in Colombo district who delivered in 2005: 119 with documented GDM and 240 without GDM
PMID 28644881
pooled analysis · 2021
“This meta-analysis indicates that women with a history of GDM have near nine fold increased risk of being diagnosed as T2DM in the future compared with those without GDM.”
Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Indian J Med Res
Who: Women with and without GDM in 39 prospective and retrospective cohort studies; T2DM diagnosed six weeks or later after delivery
PMID 34782531
other primary study · 2011
“The probability of being dispensed drugs used to treat diabetes was estimated to be 41 times and 3 times higher in women with GDM and preeclampsia, respectively, compared to women without these pregnancy complications.”
Risk of diabetes after gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. A registry-based study of 230,000 women in Norway. Eur J Epidemiol
Who: Women with a first registered birth in 2004-8 in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, linked to the Norwegian Prescription Database, excluding pre-existing diabetes, PCOS and chronic hypertension
PMID 21298469
other primary study · 2007
“At follow-up, we diagnosed diabetes in a further 12 women who had GDM in the index pregnancy (37%) and 7 non-GDM women (2%; OR = 35.5, 95% CI: 13.3–94.6, P < 0.001).”
Gestational diabetes and the incidence of diabetes in the 5 years following the index pregnancy in South Indian women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract
Who: 524 South Indian women (35 with GDM at the index pregnancy, Carpenter-Coustan criteria) from the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital antenatal clinic, Mysore, re-tested with a 75-g OGTT 5 years later
PMID 17640759